File extensions

File extension and required program

Files with the extensions listed below can be executed with some basic part of Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. No additional program is required.

Extension	Format	Operating System(s)
ACTION	Automator Action	Mac OS
APK	Application	Android
APP	Executable	Mac OS
BAT	Batch File	Windows
BIN	Binary Executable	Windows, Mac OS, Linux
CMD	Command Script	Windows
COM	Command File	Windows
COMMAND	Terminal Command	Mac OS
CPL	Control Panel Extension	Windows
CSH	C Shell Script	Mac OS, Linux
EXE	Executable	Windows
GADGET	Windows Gadget	Windows
INF1	Setup Information File	Windows
INS	Internet Communication Settings	Windows
INX	InstallShield Compiled Script	Windows
IPA	Application	iOS
ISU	InstallShield Uninstaller Script	Windows
JOB	Windows Task Scheduler Job File	Windows
JSE	JScript Encoded File	Windows
KSH	Unix Korn Shell Script	Linux
LNK	File Shortcut	Windows
MSC	Microsoft Common Console Document	Windows
MSI	Windows Installer Package	Windows
MSP	Windows Installer Patch	Windows
MST	Windows Installer Setup Transform File	Windows
OSX	Executable	Mac OS
OUT	Executable	Linux
PAF	Portable Application Installer File	Windows
PIF	Program Information File	Windows
PRG	Executable	GEM
PS1	Windows PowerShell Cmdlet	Windows
REG	Registry Data File	Windows
RGS	Registry Script	Windows
RUN	Executable	Linux
SCT	Windows Scriptlet	Windows
SHB	Windows Document Shortcut	Windows
SHS	Shell Scrap Object	Windows
U3P	U3 Smart Application	Windows
VB	VBScript File	Windows
VBE	VBScript Encoded Script	Windows
VBS	VBScript File	Windows
VBSCRIPT	Visual Basic Script	Windows
WORKFLOW	Automator Workflow	Mac OS
WS	Windows Script	Windows
WSF	Windows Script	Windows

[1] To execute an INF file, you must open the pop-up menu (usually by right-clicking on the file) and choose Install.

Other Executable File Extensions
The following file extensions are only executable if you happen to have the software installed that carries out the commands contained in the file.
If you do have one of the programs below installed, consider files with the associated extensions as executable and High Risk. If you don't have a particular program installed and you try to execute a file with that extension, either a harmless error will appear or nothing at all will happen.

Extension	Format	Program
0XE	Renamed Virus File	F-Secure Internet Security
73K	TI-73 Application	TI Connect
89K	TI-89 Application	TI Connect
A6P	Authorware 6 Program File	Adobe Authorware
AC	GNU Autoconf Script	Autoconf
ACC	GEM Accessory File	Gemulator
ACR	ACRobot Script	ACRobot
ACTM	AutoCAD Action Macro	AutoCAD
AHK	AutoHotkey Script	AutoHotkey
AIR	Adobe AIR Installation Package	Adobe AIR
APP	FoxPro Application	Visual FoxPro
ARSCRIPT	ArtRage Script	ArtRage Studio
AS	Adobe Flash ActionScript File	Adobe Flash
ASB	Alphacam Stone VB Macro	Alphacam
AWK	AWK Script	AWK
AZW2	Kindle Active Content App File	Kindle Collection Manager
BEAM	Compiled Erlang File	Erlang
BTM	4DOS Batch File	4DOS
CEL	Celestia Script	Celestia
CELX	Celestia Script	Celestia
CHM	Compiled HTML Help File	Firefox, IE, Safari
COF	MPLAB COFF File	MPLAB IDE
CRT	Security Certificate	Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
DEK	Eavesdropper Batch File	Eavesdropper
DLD	EdLog Compiled Program	Edlog
DMC	Medical Manager Script	Sage Medical Manager
DOCM	Word Macro-Enabled Document	Microsoft Word
DOTM	Word Macro-Enabled Template	Microsoft Word
DXL	Rational DOORS Script	Rational DOORS
EAR	Java Enterprise Archive File	Apache Geronimo
EBM	EXTRA! Basic Macro	EXTRA!
EBS	E-Run 1.x Script	E-Prime (v1)
EBS2	E-Run 2.0 Script	E-Prime (v2)
ECF	SageCRM Component File	SageCRM
EHAM	ExtraHAM Executable	HAM Programmer Toolkit
ELF	Nintendo Wii Game File	Dolphin Emulator
ES	SageCRM Script	SageCRM
EX4	MetaTrader Program File	MetaTrader
EXOPC	ExoPC Application	EXOfactory
EZS	EZ-R Stats Batch Script	EZ-R Stats
FAS	Compiled Fast-Load AutoLISP File	AutoCAD
FKY	FoxPro Macro	Visual FoxPro
FPI	FPS Creator Intelligence Script	FPS Creator
FRS	Flash Renamer Script	Flash Renamer
FXP	FoxPro Compiled Program	Visual FoxPro
GS	Geosoft Script	Oasis Montaj
HAM	HAM Executable	Ham Runtime
HMS	HostMonitor Script	HostMonitor
HPF	HP9100A Program File	HP9100A Emulator
HTA	HTML Application	Internet Explorer
IIM	iMacro Macro	iMacros (Firefox Add-on)
IPF	SMS Installer Script	Microsoft SMS
ISP	Internet Communication Settings	Microsoft IIS
JAR	Java Archive	Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
JS	JScript Executable Script	Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
JSX	ExtendScript Script	Adobe ExtendScript Toolkit
KIX	KiXtart Script	KiXtart
LO	Interleaf Compiled Lisp File	QuickSilver
LS	LightWave LScript File	LightWave
MAM	Access Macro-Enabled Workbook	Microsoft Access
MCR	3ds Max Macroscript or Tecplot Macro	3ds Max
MEL	Maya Embedded Language File	Maya 2013
MPX	FoxPro Compiled Menu Program	Visual FoxPro
MRC	mIRC Script	mIRC
MS	3ds Max Script	3ds Max
MS	Maxwell Script	Maxwell Render
MXE	Macro Express Playable Macro	Macro Express
NEXE	Chrome Native Client Executable	Chrome
OBS	ObjectScript Script	ObjectScript
ORE	Ore Executable	Ore Runtime Environment
OTM	Outlook Macro	Microsoft Outlook
PEX	ProBoard Executable	ProBoard BBS
PLX	Perl Executable	ActivePerl or Microsoft IIS
POTM	PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Design Template	Microsoft PowerPoint
PPAM	PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Add-in	Microsoft PowerPoint
PPSM	PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Slide Show	Microsoft PowerPoint
PPTM	PowerPoint Macro-Enabled Presentation	Microsoft PowerPoint
PRC	Palm Resource Code File	Palm Desktop
PVD	Instalit Script	Instalit
PWC	PictureTaker File	PictureTaker
PYC	Python Compiled File	Python
PYO	Python Optimized Code	Python
QPX	FoxPro Compiled Query Program	Visual FoxPro
RBX	Rembo-C Compiled Script	Rembo Toolkit
ROX	Actuate Report Object Executable	eReport
RPJ	Real Pac Batch Job File	Real Pac
S2A	SEAL2 Application	SEAL
SBS	SPSS Script	SPSS
SCA	Scala Script	Scala Designer
SCAR	SCAR Script	SCAR
SCB	Scala Published Script	Scala Designer
SCR	Generic Script	Original Scripting Engine1
SCRIPT	Generic Script	Original Scripting Engine1
SMM	Ami Pro Macro	Ami Pro
SPR	FoxPro Generated Screen File	Visual FoxPro
TCP	Tally Compiled Program	Tally Developer
THM	Thermwood Macro	Mastercam
TLB	OLE Type Library	Microsoft Excel
TMS	Telemate Script	Telemate
UDF	Excel User Defined Function	Microsoft Excel
UPX	Ultimate Packer for eXecutables File	Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
URL	Internet Shortcut	Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari
VLX	Compiled AutoLISP File	AutoCAD
VPM	Vox Proxy Macro	Vox Proxy
WCM	WordPerfect Macro	WordPerfect
WIDGET	Yahoo! Widget	Yahoo! Widgets
WIZ	Microsoft Wizard File	Microsoft Word
WPK	WordPerfect Macro	WordPerfect
WPM	WordPerfect Macro	WordPerfect
XAP	Silverlight Application Package	Micrsoft Silverlight
XBAP	XAML Browser Application	Firefox, IE
XLAM	Excel Macro-Enabled Add-In	Microsoft Excel
XLM	Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook	Microsoft Excel
XLSM	Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook	Microsoft Excel
XLTM	Excel Macro-Enabled Template	Microsoft Excel
XQT	SuperCalc Macro	CA SuperCalc
XYS	XYplorer Script	XYplorer
ZL9	Renamed Virus File	ZoneAlarm

[1] By "Original Scripting Engine" I mean whatever program created the script. It would be impossible to list, and keep updated, the number of scripting engines that might use these file extensions.

Solving system32 missing or corrupt

Solving <window root>system32 missing or corrupt

Method 1

Use the Bootcfg utility in the Recovery Console to correct the Boot.ini file:

1. Use the Windows XP CD-ROM to start your computer.
2. When you receive the message to press R to repair Windows by using the Recovery Console, press the R key.
3. Select the Windows installation that you want, and then type the administrator password when prompted.
4. Type bootcfg /rebuild, and then press ENTER.
5. When the Windows installation is located, the following instructions are displayed:
   Add installation to boot list? (Yes/No/All)
   [Type Y in response to this message.]
   
   Enter Load Identifier:
   [This is the name of the operating system. Type Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Home Edition.]
   
   Enter OS Load options:
   [Leave this field blank, and then press ENTER].
   After you perform the preceding steps, restart the computer, and then select the first item on the boot menu. This should allow Windows XP to start normally.
   
   After Windows XP has successfully loaded, the Boot.ini can be modified to remove the incorrect entry.

 Method 2
 
 If you have a black screen with a messages like those :

>Windows could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt:
\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\SYSTEM

>Windows NT could not start because the below file is missing or corrupt:
X:\WINNT\System32\Ntoskrnl.exe

>Windows NT could not start because the below file is missing or corrupt:
X:\WINNT\System32\HAL.dll

>NTLDR is Missing
Press any key to restart

>Invalid boot.ini
Press any key to restart

Repair with XP CD :
1. Boot with CDROM
2. Enter the installer XP CD
3. Press R if like this :
Image

4. Press 1(or the other that show the installation drive) and enter the admin ]
Image

5. Type Like This :
> C: CD ..
> C: ATTRIB –H C:boot.ini
> C: ATTRIB –S C:boot.ini
> C: ATTRIB –R C:boot.ini
> C: del boot.ini
> C: BOOTCFG /Rebuild

6. After Rebuild finish type this:
C: CHKDSK /R /F kemudian
C: FIXBOOT
“Sure you want to write a new bootsector to the partition C: ?” press “Y”
C: EXIT
Enter 

Memory modules - DDR, DDR2 and DDR3

Memory modules - DDR, DDR2 and DDR3

SD, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are all different types of RAM (Random Access Memory). 

RAM is a kind of computer memory that temporarily stores information, improving your systems performance. 

Or in other words RAM simply holds data for the processor.

The processor also has its own memory known as the L2 cache, the cache lies between the processor and the RAM. The processor sends and retrieves data from this cache, when this cache overflows data is sent to the RAM.

There are mainly four types of RAM; SD, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3.

They differ in the way they operate and mainly in their operation speeds.

All RAM's used in computers today have a synchronous interface meaning they wait for a clock signal before it can respond to clock signals.

SD RAM:

SDRAM stands for synchronous dynamic random access memory.

SDRAM is Single Data Rate meaning that SDRAM can accept one command and transfer one word of data per clock cycle.

As mentioned above SDRAM's have synchronous interface therefore they depend on the computer clock signals to perform operations.

Typical speeds of SDRAM are 100 and 133 MHz.

DDR SDRAM:

DDR SDRAM stands for double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory.

DDR RAM transfers data twice per clock cycle, hence the name double data rate.

DDR clock speeds range between 200 MHz (DDR-200) and 400 MHz (DDR-400).

DDR-200 transfers 1600 MB/s, while DDR-400 transfers 3200 MB/s.

DDR2 SDRAM:

DDR2 SDRAM stands for double data rate 2 synchronous dynamic random access memory.

DDR2 is twice as fast as DDR which means twice as much data is carried to the module for each clock cycle.

Also due to the design improvements DDR2 consumes less power as compared to the DDR memory.

DDR2 speeds range between 400 MHz (DDR2-400) and 800 MHz (DDR2-800).

DDR2-400 transfers 3200 MB/s.

DDR2-800 transfers 6400 MB/s.

DDR3 SDRAM:

So by now after reading the above it is quite obvious what DDR3 SDRAM stands for, double data rate 3 synchronous dynamic random access memory.

In theory DDR3 is supposed to act twice as fast as DDR2 memories.

Thus DDR3 speeds range between 800 MHz (DDR3-800) and

1600 MHz (DDR3-1600).

DDR3-800 transfers 6400 MB/s; DDR3-1600 transfers 12800 MB/s.

Only gamers may notice the difference between DDR2 and DDR3 speeds, while for everyone else, even DDR will be sufficient.

But if you are buying a new PC spending a little extra for the increased speed is always appreciated.

But in the end it all depends on your requirements and your budget.

DDR3 will cost a lot more than DDR2, also for DDR3 speeds you will also need a motherboard that can support it, so if you are planning on upgrading your RAM to DDR3 you should be certain that your motherboard can support it.

If your requirements do not involve heavy gaming or video editing and video processing then you have no need for the powerful DDR3 memory.

Automatic Bathroom Light Switch

Automatic Bathroom Light Switch

 Here is a simple and low cost automatic bathroom light circuit. The light automatically turns on when the bathroom door is opened, and remains lit in the occupied state. When the door is opened again the lamp turns off after a very short delay. This automatic circuit saves energy and greatly assists your visitors, especially at night. The “single-chip” circuit, built around the popular decade counter CD4017 (IC1), is very compact, and can be powered from any 5VDC/500mA mobile phone travel charger/similar smps adaptor. After construction, try to enclose the whole circuit in a suitable plastic case for total convenience. Next, arrange the door switch (S1) such that when the door is closed it should be in closed state.

Schematic of the Automatic Bathroom Light Control Circuit

Circuit Tested at TechNode on 12 March 2014

4017 datasheet

How does the automatic toiled light works?
The heart of this circuit is CD4017 (IC1), CMOS counter with decoded output. On each pulse received on its clock input, this IC drives high the next output. Output 0 (pin 3) of IC1 drives a green “Toilet Free” indicator (LED1), and output 1 (pin 2) of IC1 drives the 1W light source (LED2) through a driver transistor (T1). Note that T1 (2N2222) is here wired as an emitter-follower to avoid the use of a base resistor.
Initially when the circuit is powered, IC1 is resetted by the RC network R1-C1 and as a result LED1 lights up. When the door is opened for the first time, switch S1 is opened and as a result IC1 is clocked by the clock pulse generator R2-C2. Now LED1 goes off and LED2 lights up. IC1 stays in this condition to provide the interior lighting, even if the door is closed. However, when the bathroom door is opened again IC1 is clocked again, and this resets the chip by the signal from Output 2 (pin 4) of IC1 through D1 (1N4148). When IC1 activates its Output 2 and reset itself, LED1 lights up again!

Component Selection
Regarding components selection, nothing is really critical. But try to use a good quality “normally-opened” (N/O) switch as S1. The 3.6V/1W White LED (LED2) current is limited by resistor R3. It may become necessary to adjust this value to get the best from your circuit.

• IC1: CD4017
• T1: 2N2222
• D1: 1N4148
• LED1: 5mm Green
• LED2: 3.6V/1W White
• R1: 10K ¼ w
• R2: 100K ¼ w
• R3: 2.2Ω ¼ w (see text)
• R4: 1K ¼ w
• C1,C2 : 10µF/16V
• C3: 100nF
• S1: N/O Push Switch (see text)
• J1: DC Socket – PCB mountable

Lab Note

Clock pulse (DSO probed at Pin 14 of IC1)

Since the clock generator for IC1 is realized using a tricky RC network, erratic switching may be occurred. Although the bumps are rare, you can defeat this by adding a manual reset switch (again one N/O push switch) between +5V and pin 15 of IC1.


Thanks: http://www.electroschematics.com

Resistor Calculator

 5 Band Resistor Calculator

 This is a helpful site to calculate 4 band as well as 5 band resistor. Simply select the color code in order and find the value of a resister with Resistance Tolerance

 http://www.eeweb.com/toolbox/5-band-resistor-calculator

Electronic Stethoscope

 Electronic Stethoscope

An electronic stethoscope is used to listen to your heartbeat and you would normally use a listening tube or stethoscope. This electronic stethoscope circuit uses a piezo sounder from a musical greetings card or melody generator, as a microphone. This transducer has an output signal in the order of 100 mV and its low frequency response is governed by the input impedance of the amplifier.

For this reason we have chosen to use an emitter follower transistor amplifier. This has a high input impedance and ensures that the transducer will have a very low frequency response. At the output you just need to connect a set of low impedance headphones to be able to listen to your heartbeat.
Replacing the emitter follower with a Darlington transistor configuration will further increase the input impedance of the amplifier.

Electronic Stethoscope Circuit diagram

 
piezo sounder

Electronic fly dis-infestation

Electronic fly dis-infestation

 Electronic Fly utilizes high-voltage power line applied pulse voltage killed OCS flies. Use the web site when the bait to attract flies, fly Fly online for all to be able to kill flies. Electronic Fly circuit as shown, when the base integrated circuit ICl 555 and resistors Rl, R2 and capacitor Cl composition astable oscillator circuit from the output frequency of ICl ③ feet around 30Hz, continuous duty cycle of 10% square wave. The square wave is coupled through resistor R3 to the transistor VTl, VT2, boosted promote amplification step-up transformer T, so that the high voltage transformer secondary is connected with the IED kV grid, in order to achieve the function of killing flies. Fly No. l4 wire mesh making available adjacent wire distance of about 6mm. To prevent children inadvertently high-voltage grid, Fly should be placed in the ground a few meters high, and should be fixed firmly.